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.To view the icons that represent disk drives in your computer, clickthe Start button and choose My Computer. .To clean up, scan, or defragment your computer s hard drive, right- click the drive s icon in My Computer and choose Properties. Usebuttons on the General and Tools tab for hard disk maintenance. .A folder or file s pathdescribes the item s exact location.
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Viewing the PathWindows hides paths from you because the average computer user reallynever needs to see them. The average computer user can get by with onlyknowing about My Documents, My Pictures, and so forth. But there s no rulethat says you re not allowed to view the paths to files and folders. In fact, there are a couple simple settings in Windows Explorer that you can use tomake the current folder s path visible in Explorer s title bar or Address barwhenever you want. Personally, I prefer to always see the simple name in thetitle bar. Then use the Address bar as sort of an optional thing for viewingpaths on an as-needed basis. To make the Address bar in Windows Explorer display the path to the currentfolder, follow these steps: 1.From Explorer s menu bar (in any folder), choose Tools.FolderOptions. 2.In the Folder Options dialog box, click the View tab. 3.Select (check) the Display the full path in the address baroption. 4.Click OK. If the Address bar isn t visible in Explorer, you ll need to make that visible too. To turn the Address bar on, or off, choose View.Toolbars.Address barfrom Explorer s menu bar. You should see the Address bar just under the tool- bar, as in the example shown in Figure 20-21 (where it s showing C: becausethe main pane is showing the contents of the root folder on drive C:). SummaryThat s should be enough information about your computer s hard disk to holdyou over for quite some time. Here s the standard recap of the main pointscovered in this chapter: .When you lose a file or folder on your hard drive, you can use theSearch Companion to go looking for it. .To start the Search Companion, click the Start button and chooseSearch. Or click the Search button in the Windows Explorer toolbar. .To change the icon for a folder, right-click the folder s icon andchoose Properties. Then click the Customize button in the Propertiesdialog box that opens. .To create a desktop shortcut to a folder, right-click the folder s iconand choose Send To.Desktop (Create Shortcut). The same tech- nique works for documents and programs on the All Programs menu. .To make Windows Explorer remember each folder s previous view, choose Tools.Folder Options from its menu bar. Click the View taband select (check) the Remember each folder s view settingsoption.
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If you don t see simple folder names in your Folder list, you need to changeone little setting. Choose Tools.Folder Options from Explorer s menu bar. In the Folder Options dialog box, click the View tab. Make sure Display sim- ple folder view in Explorer s Folders listis selected (checked); then click OK. So I guess the next question is, What s the advantage of digging down throughfolder names to on the hard drive to get to those folders? The answer is, Thereis none. The simple names are always displayed in the Folders list as a con- venience to you so you don t have to go digging. If you want to go digging, you can. But there really is no need to, unless you plan to go digging throughsome other user s documents. But let s hold off on that tidbit of info until weget to Chapter 23, where we ll discuss user accounts in depth. A good general advantage to the Folders list is this: You can view the contentsof any folder with minimal digging around. You just click the name of the folder, or even disk drive, whose contents you want to view in the Folders list. Thecontents appear in the main pane right away. (You may have to click the + signnext to some folders that aren t expanded just to see the names.) Gotcha474Part My Address Bar? The Address bar can share the same line as the Standard buttons toolbar inExplorer. But when it does, you may see only its label, the word Address, on theright side of the toolbar, as in the following example. To get it to its own line, youneed to drag the little dragging handle (vertical column of dots) to the left of theword Addressdown a little bit. If you don t see the little dragging handle, you ll need to unlock the toolbars first. To unlock the toolbars, choose View.Toolbars.Lock the Toolbars fromExplorer s menu bar. Then you can drag that little handle down and to the left toget everything just right, as follows. After you get the toolbars all squared away, you can choose View.Toolbars. Lock the Toolbars again a second time. That will hide the handles again, whichin turn will prevent you from accidentally rearranging toolbars in the future.
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A path is much longer than a simple name. The path tells the processorexactlyhow to get to a given file or folder, starting with the drive and working downthrough folders and subfolders. For example, the path to a file named MyStuff. doc currently stored in your Shared Documents folder would look like this: C:Documents and SettingsAll UsersDocumentsMyStuff.docWhen the processor receives the instruction to open the file at that location, follow the path to the file without even the slightest chance of a mistake. The path tells the processor, Go to the hard drive (C:), and look in its root folder(). From the root folder, drill down through the folders named Documents andSettings, All Users, and Documents. In that last folder, you ll find a foldernamed MyStuff.doc. Open that folder up and put it on my screen. We humans don t need quite so much detail. It s just easier for us to think ofMyStuff.doc in Shared Documents than it is to think of C:Documents andSettingsAll UsersDocuments. So Windows just shows us the simplenames for folders. You can see their names in the Folders list even when yourhard disk s subfolders are hidden, as on the left side of Figure 20-22. So there sreally no need to go digging around through the hard drive to get to those fold- ers. But if you do expand subfolders under your hard drive s icon, the folderswill be visible there as well, as in the right side of Figure 20-22. Figure 20-22:Hard drive subfolders hidden (left) and expanded (right) Not expandedExpandedSimple namesChapter
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.Program Files:Most programs you installed will automatically be putin your Program Files folders. Each program will usually be placed inits own subfolder within the Program Files folder. Windows and yourprograms manage all files and subfolders within Program Files auto- matically. There s really nothing in there for normal humans. Andunless you have some specific need to go in there, it s best just tostay out of the folder. Never move, copy, delete, or rename a folder or file withinthe Program Files or Windows subfolders. Doing so couldhave disastrous consequences that would require rein- stalling Windows or whatever program(s) you damage. .Windows:The Windows folder (perhaps named WINNT on somecomputers) contains all the files and subfolders that make up yourWindows XP operating system. These are sometimes called systemfolders and system files, because they contain the computer s operat- ing system(Windows XP). Windows manages these subfolders andfiles on its own there s no reason for you to get involved in that atall. Just stay out of this folder, unless you really know what you redoing and have some reason to go in there. Simple Names and PathsEvery folder and file has a paththat describes its exact location within thecomputer. Most of the time, Windows hides the lengthy, technical-looking path from you and instead shows only the simple nameof the folder. For example, My Documents, Shared Documents, My Pictures, and SharedPicturesare all examples of simple names. the Heck Is a Processor? Every computer has a microprocessor(or processor, for short) that is, in essence, the actual computer. The processor isn t in or on any disk drive. It s its own sep- arate piece of hardware. If you looked at it, you wouldn t see much, because it ssmall enough to easily fit on your thumbnail. But if you looked at it with a reallypowerful microscope, you d see that it contains millions of microscopically smallswitches and wires. It s called the processor because it s the thing that actually processes (performs) your every request. When you tell the computer to do something, via your mouseor keyboard, it s the processor that first gets that command and carries out yourwishes. Examples of processors include the Intel Pentium, The Intel Celeron, andthe AMD Athlon. The speed of a processor is measured in how many instructions it can performin one second. That s usually expressed in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz). 1 MHz equals one million (1,000,000) instructions per second. 1 GHz equals onebillion (1,000,000,000) instructions per second.
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Figure 20-21:Viewing contents of C: in Windows ExplorerA second user account has the same name as your user name. To see whatyour user name is, click the Start button and look at the top of your Startmenu. If Windows came preinstalled on your computer, your user name isprobably something generic, like Owner or Administrator. If someone set upauser account for you, your user name might be the same as your first name. On my computer, my user name is Alan. A document, as you know, is something you create or download from theInternet. Examples include things such as typed text documents, pictures, photos, songs, and video clips. A settingis a personal preference, like the pic- ture that covers your Windows desktop or the specific screen saver that popsup when your computer has been idle for a while. So now, given all of that, here s what the three highest-level folders in the rootfolder of your hard drive represent: .Documents and Settings:Contains a subfolder for the All Usersaccount, another subfolder for your user account, plus anotherfolder for each additional user account you create. In Figures 20-20and 20-21, the subfolder named Alan contains documents and set- tings for me. The subfolder named All Users contains documentsandsettings available to everyone who has a user account on thecomputer. Folders on the hard driveSelected iconFolders in C:Address barFolders buttonChapter
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If you re starting from the Windows desktop, you can follow these steps tostart exploring your hard disk: 1.Open My Computer (click the Start button and choose MyComputer). 2.Double-click the icon for your hard drive, usually Local Disk (C:). 3.Click the Folders button in My Computer s toolbar, or choose View. Explorer bar.Folders. To change the width of the Folders list, drag to the left or right thebar that separates the folder list from the main pane on its right. You can use the + and signs that appear next to a folder nameto show/hide subfolders within the folder. 4.In the folder list, click the icon for your hard drive (usually LocalDisk C:). 5.If you see a + sign next to that icon, click it to expand it and to seethe subfolders contained within it. You can right-click any folder name in the Folders list to get to theusual options (Rename, Delete, Copy, and so forth). The pane on the right always shows the contents of whatever icon you click inthe Folders list. When you click the icon for your hard disk, you actually seefolders in C:,the root folder of drive C:. If you click the + sign next to thedrive s icon, you ll see those same folders listed beneath the drive s icon, as inFigure 20-21. To view the contents of any folder or drive, click its name in the Folders list. The contents appear in the main pane on the right. As always, you can choosea view for the main pane by using the Views button in the toolbar or the Viewmenu. To arrange icons in the main pane, choose View.Arrange icons byfrom the menu bar, or right-click any space between icons, or click any columnheading in Details view. You can use the Folders list to move and copy files. Click the name of thesource folder in the Folders list to view its contents in the main pane. Thenright-drag any item from the right pane to the destination folder s icon Folders list. Release the mouse button and choose Move Here or CopyHere from the menu that appears. A Note on User Accounts, Documents, and SettingsBefore we dig any deeper into the folders on your hard disk, you first need tounderstand a little about user accounts. We cover those in depth in Chapter 23. But for now, it s sufficient to know that your computer currently has at leasttwo user accounts on it. One is named All Users, and that account actuallycontains things accessible to all other user accounts on the computer.
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Like all disks, folders on your hard disk are organized in a hierarchical manner, with folders inside of folders. The hierarchical organization lets you find thingsby drilling down from the general to the specific. The highest-level folder iscalled the root folder(or root directory), and its name is simple a backslash (). For example, C:refers to the root folder of drive C:. The root folder contains several folders. Each of those folders, in turn, con- tains more folders. And so it can continue, many folders deep. While no twohard disks will be exactly alike, the typical arrangement of folders on a newinstallation of Windows XP would likely look something like Figure 20-20. The diagram shown in Figure 20-20 is just a representation of how the foldersare arranged. You won t actually see a folder arrangement like that on yourscreen. And your folders probably won t match those exactly. But you canbrowse around and see what s available on your hard drive by using the folderlistin Windows Explorer. You can open, or close, the folder list in Explorer atany time by clicking the Folders button in Explorer s toolbar or by choosingView.Explorer Bar.Folder from its menu bar. Figure 20-20:Sample hierarchical arrangement of top-level folders on a hard diskC: (root folder) WindowsProgramFilesDocumentsand SettingsAll UsersUser NameDesktopDocumentsFavoritesStart MenuDesktopDocumentsFavoritesStart MenuChapter
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When it says you don t need todefragment, that doesn t mean youcan t or shouldn t. It just means the drive s not badly fragmented. But you can still defragment it and make it unfragmented! 7.To defrag the drive, click the Defragment button. Otherwise, you canclick Close to skip it. This is the part that could take an hour or more, during which time you can tuse the computer. You may hear a lot of disk chatter as defrag is doing its things. That s because the drive head is moving things around to get everything into position. You can see a graphical presentation of this as it s proceedingon the screen, as in the example shown in Figure 20-19. Figure 20-19:Defrag in actionDefrag will defragment all the fragmented files and move a lot of files to thebeginning of the disk, where they can be accessed in the least time with theleast effort. Some files won t be moved. That s normal. If Windows decides toleave them where they are, it s for good reason. When defrag is finished, youcan just close any open dialog boxes and the Disk Defragmenter program window. Exploring Your Hard DiskYou ve seen several examples of folders on your hard disk in previous chapters. My Documents, My Pictures, My Music, and My Videos are all examples of suchfolders. Windows automatically creates those folders for you so you have placesto store your documents. But those aren t the only folders on your hard disk, not by a long shot. There are lots more.
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deleted files old space. While this is not problem, it can get to a point whereyou have a lot of little chunks of files spread all over the disk. When that happens, the drive head has to move around a lot more to read andwrite files. You might even be able to hear the drive chattering when things getreally fragmented(spread out). This puts some extra stress on the mechanicsof the drive and also slows things down a bit. To really get things back together and running smoothly, you can defragment(or defragfor short) the drive. When you do, Windows takes all the files thatare split up into little chunks and brings them all together into single filesagain. It also moves most files to the beginning of the drive, where they re easiest to get to. The result is a drive that s no longer fragmented, doesn tchatter, and runs faster. Defragmenting is one of those things you don t really have to do too often. Twoto four times a year is probably plenty. It could take an hour or more, duringwhich time you don t want to use the computer. So you have to plan ahead alittle on this one. For the ultimate in hard drive performance tuning, do the maintenancetasks in the order described in this section. First, clean up the hard disk rid of any unnecessary junk. Then do your error-checking to fix any littleblemishes. Then defragment what s left so everything is perfectly arrangedfor quick and easy access by your computer. STEPS:Defragment Your Hard Disk1.Open your My Computer folder. 2.Right-click the icon for your hard drive (C:) and choose Properties. 3.In the Properties dialog box that opens, click the Tools tab. 4.Click the Defragment Now button. The Disk Defragmenter programopens. 5.Click the Analyze button. The program will analyze your hard disk tosee how much it s fragmented. 6.When the analysis is done, you ll see a dialog box like the one inFigure 20-18, telling you either that you should, or need not, defrag- ment the drive. Figure 20-18:Sample message displayed after a defrag analysisChapter
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