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Scanning the Disk for ErrorsYour hard disk spins at a walloping 7,200 to 10,000 RPM, all the while the headthat reads and writes data to the drive is zipping across its surface not morethan a few molecules distance away from its surface. With so much activity, it s not unusual for an occasional little hiccup to occur. These usually go byunnoticed. But they, too, can accumulate in the form of bad links and bad sectors. If enough of them accumulate, the speed at which you re able tomovedata to and from the disk can diminish. If you scan your hard disk for errors two to four times a year (or wheneveryour hard disk seems to be running slowly), you can clean up the little blem- ishes and get the disk back to running at peak performance. Scanning thedisktakes a few minutes, and you can t use the computer for anything elsewhile the program is running. So you might want to plan on doing a scanwhenyou can leave the computer unattended, but running, for a while. Doingthe scan is easy. STEPS:Scan Your Hard Disk for Errors1.Open your My Computer folder if it isn t already open (click the Startbutton and choose My Computer). 2.Right-click the icon for your hard drive and choose Properties. 3.In the Properties dialog box that opens, click the Tools bar. 4.Under Error checking, click Check Now. 5.For maximum cleanup, select (check) both checkboxes. 6.Click the Start button. 7.If you see a message indicating that the disk check couldn t be per- formed because the program needs exclusive access to the disk, that s normal. Choose Yes to proceed. 8.Click OK in the dialog box. 9.Close all open programs and save any unsaved work. 10.Click the Start button and choose Turn Off Computer.Restart. You can go catch up on your phone messages and paper mail or anything elseyou ve been neglecting since you got your computer. This is going to takesome time (maybe a half-hour or more). The screen will initially be blue whenthe computer restarts and will display the progress of the scan. When the scanis complete, Windows will boot up normally, and everything will be normal. Defragmenting Your Hard DriveWhenever you delete a file, Windows makes the space it was using available tonew files you save. If a file you re about to save is too big for one of the emptyspaces available, Windows might divide up the file into several different old466Part
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what s in there. If you find any files you might have deleted accidentally, you llwant to restore them (as described in the previous chapter) before allowingDisk Cleanup to delete them permanently. Figure 20-17:The Disk Cleanup dialog box for a hard driveAnyway, if you want to clean up all the junk, you can select all but the last twooptions. Those last two options don t actually delete anything. The CompressOld Files option, if selected, will just tell Windows to shrink down any filesyouhaven t used in a long time, so they take up less space. They automaticallyuncompress when you open them. But opening the file will take a little longerthan usual. (No big deal if it s a file you rarely use.) The Catalog Indexer option, if selected, keeps the index of files we originallydiscussed in Chapter 19 up to date with the current state of affairs on yourdisk after all the junk has been deleted. No harm in choosing that option. Itwon t really change the contents of your disk in any way. It will just make yourSearch Companion searches go a little faster. Once you ve selected the items you want to delete, just click the OK button. You ll see an Are you sure?prompt. Click Yes and wait a while as Windows doesits cleaning. The dialog box will close automatically when the job is complete. Because the temporary files are eating up so little disk space, percentage-wise, you probably won t notice any dramatic change in the amount of free spaceavailable after you clean the drive. But still, it s better not to have too muchextra junk hanging around for no reason. Running Disk Cleanup once a monthor every couple months is probably sufficient for keeping any significant aboutof junk from accumulating on your hard drive.
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what s in there. If you find any files you might have deleted accidentally, you llwant to restore them (as described in the previous chapter) before allowingDisk Cleanup to delete them permanently. Figure 20-17:The Disk Cleanup dialog box for a hard driveAnyway, if you want to clean up all the junk, you can select all but the last twooptions. Those last two options don t actually delete anything. The CompressOld Files option, if selected, will just tell Windows to shrink down any filesyouhaven t used in a long time, so they take up less space. They automaticallyuncompress when you open them. But opening the file will take a little longerthan usual. (No big deal if it s a file you rarely use.) The Catalog Indexer option, if selected, keeps the index of files we originallydiscussed in Chapter 19 up to date with the current state of affairs on yourdisk after all the junk has been deleted. No harm in choosing that option. Itwon t really change the contents of your disk in any way. It will just make yourSearch Companion searches go a little faster. Once you ve selected the items you want to delete, just click the OK button. You ll see an Are you sure?prompt. Click Yes and wait a while as Windows doesits cleaning. The dialog box will close automatically when the job is complete. Because the temporary files are eating up so little disk space, percentage-wise, you probably won t notice any dramatic change in the amount of free spaceavailable after you clean the drive. But still, it s better not to have too muchextra junk hanging around for no reason. Running Disk Cleanup once a monthor every couple months is probably sufficient for keeping any significant aboutof junk from accumulating on your hard drive.
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When you ve finished viewing your available disk space, just click OK orCancel in the dialog box. Maintaining Your Hard DiskBesides being cheap, your computer s hard disk is virtually maintenance free. You don t ever have to touch the actual disk or do anything to it. But there aresome things you can do in Windows XP to avoid wasting disk space and keepyour hard drive working at its highest possible speed and efficiency. We ll takea look at those things in this section. Recovering Wasted Hard Disk SpaceBecause hard disk space is cheap and plentiful, some programs take libertiesin creating temporary files that aren t really essential to the proper functioningof your computer. Your Web browser is a good example, because it keeps copiesof every Web page you ve visited recently (and even not so recently) sittingaround in a folder known as your temporary Internet cache. Other programsmay occasionally create temporary files of their own and let them hang aroundthe hard disk longer than is really necessary. With time, these things can build up and start using up a fairly significantamount of disk space. Plus, they all add up to just more files for Windows tokeep track of behind the scenes, which means slightly less performance(speed-wise) from your hard disk. Even if you re not running low on hard disk space, it can t hurt to do someoccasional spring cleaning and unload some unnecessary junk. By occasionally, I mean maybe once a month at most. But you can do your spring cleaningwhenever you feel like it. It s easy to do and usually takes only a few minutes. Here s the procedure: STEPS:Clean Up Your Hard Drive1.Open My Computer (if it isn t already open). 2.Right-click the icon for your hard drive and choose Properties. 3.On the General tab, click the Disk Cleanup button. Wait while Windows analyzes the disk and figures out how much space it willbe able to free up. When the Disk Cleanup dialog box shown in Figure 20-17opens, you can scroll through the list of files to delete to see what kinds oftemporary files are available to delete. There s absolutely nothing in the listthat s required to make your computer work properly. And none of the docu- ments you created or downloaded will be included in the list. Basically, the listonly shows junk you can get rid of. Recycle Bin will be one of the items in the list. If you haven t looked in theRecycle Bin option, you can click that option; then click View Files to see464Part
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Table 20-2How Many Things You Can Store in One Gigabyte of Disk SpaceFamiliar ThingHow Many TimesYour Free EqualsHow Many Fit in 1GBSpaceYou Can StoreType, double- 500,000x= spaced pagesPhotos2,500x= CD-Quality songs200x= For example, if you fill in the Free Space in the third column with the amountof gigabytes available on your hard disk, and multiply that by the number inthe second column, that ll give you a rough estimate. For example, if you have30GB of space left, that comes out to 200 30, or enough space for about 6,000CD-quality songs. If you need a calculator to do the math, click the Start button and chooseAll Programs.Accessories.Calculator. Or stop by www.coolnerds. com/FreeSpaceand let that page do the math for you. If you did need more hard disk space, adding a second hard drive is usuallyinexpensive. In fact, hard disk space is one of the least expensive things onEarth. A 60GB hard disk would probably cost you about $90 to $100. Ain t nothing else you can buy 60 billion of for that kind of money. I ll bet 60 billiongrains of dirt cost more than $100. Sixty gigabytes worth of floppy disks wouldprobably cost you about $30,000 and fill a two-car garage. Figure 20-16:The General tab of a hard drive s Properties dialog boxChapter
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Because most disks store huge numbers of bytes, nobody ever bothers withsaying things like I have 20,545,642,321 bytes of hard disk space available. It smuch easier to round these big numbers off to the nearest thousand, million, or billion. And we use some short names and abbreviations for those words, too, as shown in Table 20-1. Table 20-1Computer Names and Abbreviations for Large NumbersBytesNameAbbreviationWordSpoken Slang1,000ThousandKB or KKilobytekay1,000,000MillionMB or MMegabytemeg1,000,000,000BillionGB or GGigabtyegig1,000,000,000,000TrillionTB or TTerabyteteeThe numbers in Table 20-1 are rough. A kilobyte is actually 1,024 bytes. is 1,048,576 bytes (1,024 x 1,024). But if you just remember thateach new word adds another ,000to the previous number, that s closeenough. Every disk has an overall capacity, which is the number that describes howmany bytes the disk can hold. Your hard disk already has lots of files on it most of the files that make up Windows XP and your installed programs. Eachof those files takes up space. Every document on your hard disk also takes upspace, used space. Any space that isn t already used is yours to do with as youplease. We call that free spaceor available space. To find out the capacity ofyour hard drive, and how much hard disk space you have available (freespace), follow these steps: STEPS:Find Out How Much Hard Disk Space You Have1.If you haven t already done so, open your My Computer folder (clickthe Start button and choose My Computer). 2.Right-click the icon for your hard disk and choose Properties. 3.If the General tab isn t visible automatically, click the General tab. The pie chart that appears (Figure 20-16) shows you, at a glance, how muchhard disk space is currently being used and how much is still available. Mostlikely, you ll have billions of bytes (gigabytes) of each. What that works out toin terms of things in the real world is something you really have to be flexiblein estimating. But Table 20-2 shows some examples of what one gigabyte (1GB) represents in terms of what you can store, with some empty columns you canfill in for yourself if you like.
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.Click the Start button and choose My Computer. .Or double-click the My Computer icon on your desktop (if youhaveone). Your My Computer folder will open. I can t say exactly what you ll see in thatfolder, as it depends on what kinds of disk drives you have in your computer, as well as other things. But if you scroll down, you ll see an icon for every diskdrive in your system, perhaps looking something like the example shown inFigure 20-15. In that example, the hard disk is named Local Disk (C:). (Theother icons represent other disk drives, which you ll learn about in Chapter 21.) Figure 20-15:Examples of icons for disk drives in My ComputerIf you don t see the Hard Disk Drives and Devices with Removable Storageheadings in your My Computer folder, choose View.Arrange Icons ByShow in Groups from the menu bar in My Computer. Discovering How Much Hard-Disk Space You HaveOne thing that you definitely want to know about your computer is how muchspace is available on your hard disk. Beginners often waste a lot of time andmoney by constantly moving files to floppy disks and other removable media, in an effort to conserve hard-disk space. You really don t need to worry aboutthat until you really understand how much storage space you have. For starters, you need to understand that the storage capacity of a drive ismeasured in bytes, where one byte equals roughly the amount of space neededto store a single character of text, like the letter x. For example, it takes threebytes to store the word catand six bytes to store the word banana. Mostdrives can store millions or billions of bytes.
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is best for that folder). If you want to make the views you choose stick, youneed to tell Windows to remember each folder s previous view. Here s how: 1.Open My Documents (or any folder, for that matter). 2.Choose Tools.Folder Options from Explorer s menu bar. The FolderOptions dialog box opens. 3.In the Folder Options dialog box, click the View tab. 4.Scroll down to and select (check) the Remember each folder s viewsettingsoption, as in Figure 20-14.5.Click OK. Figure 20-14:The View tab of the Folder Options dialog boxManaging Your Hard DiskOK, it s time to get into some technical stuff regarding what s really going onbehind the scenes on your computer s hard disk. First, your computer s harddisk (also called a hard drive, fixed disk, or primary drive) lives inside the sys- tem unit, so you never actually see it. All drives on your computer have ashort, one-letter name followed by a colon (:). The name of your hard disk isC:. If your computer has multiple hard disks, they may be named D:, E:, F:, oranything up to Z:. While you can t see your hard drive directly, you can see its icon in MyComputer. To open My Computer:
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that icon on the desktop will open the folder or file straightaway, without yourhaving to dig through folders. To create a desktop shortcut to a favorite file or folder, follow these steps: 1.Navigate to the folder that currently contains the item to which youwant to create a shortcut. 2.Right-click the item to which you want to create a shortcut andchoose Send To.Desktop (Create Shortcut) as in Figure 20-13. Figure 20-13:Creating a desktop shortcut to a folder after right- clicking its iconThat s all there is to it. You won t notice anything until you get back to theWindows desktop. (Click the Show Desktop button in the Quick Launch tool- bar, or right-click the current time and choose Show Desktop.) The shortcuticon will look like the original icon, but will have a little curved arrow on it, indicating that it s just a shortcut to the item. See Creating Your Own Shortcuts in Chapter 24 for more information oncreating shortcuts. Making Views StickAs you know by now, you can use the View button on Explorer s menu bar, orits View menu, to change how icons look within the folder. Normally, theview you chose only lasts while the folder is open. If you close the folder, andreopen it later, it opens in its default view(that is, the view that Windows thinksChapter
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Figure 20-12:The Change Icon . . . dialog box4.Use the horizontal scroll bar beneath the sample icons to scrollthrough all your options. 5.When you find an icon you like, click it. For example, in Figure 20-12, Ichose a folder icon with a checkmark on it. Even that slight changehelps the folder stand out. 6.Click OK in the Change Icon dialog box; then click OK in theProperties dialog box. Near the top of the Change Icon dialog box, under Look for iconsin this file, you re likely to see %SystemRoot%system32 SHELL32.dll. If you change that to %SystemRoot% system32moricons.dlland press Enter, you ll see a differ- ent set of icons to choose from. You can also create your own custom icons, but there s nothing in Windows XPthat will allow you to do that. You ll need a third-party icon editorfor that. Some examples include IconCool Editor (www.iconcool.com), Icon Maker(www.icon-maker.com), IconXP (www.aha-soft.com), or Buddy Icon Grabber(www.icongrabber.com-http.com). Or you can go to www.tucows.comandsearch for iconto view a larger selection of programs. Creating Shortcuts to Favorite Files and FoldersIf you have a folder or file that you use frequently, but it s buried deep withinsome other folders, you re likely to get tired of navigating to it over and overagain. In that case, you can create a desktop shortcutto the file or folder. Thedesktop shortcut will be an icon on your Windows desktop. Double-clicking458Part
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